Anglès, PAU 2024 de Catalunya: l’examen de juny (sèrie 1) resolt

STONE AGE BABIES HAD BETTER PARENTING THAN TODAY!

Modern life may have made many things easier, but scientists say that raising a child is certainly not one of them. A study of modern hunter-gatherer groups that has been recently published in the journal Developmental Psychology suggested that our Stone Age ancestors gave their children better childcare than we do today. Researchers from Cambridge University found that children among the Mbendjele BaYaka in the Republic of Congo not only received nine hours of care a day from up to 15 different caregivers, but also that crying children were attended to by either the mother or some individual in the mother’s support network more than half of the time, this way giving the mums more time to rest. The study’s authors say that these findings suggest that modern parenting methods may be at odds with children’s evolutionary programmed needs.

Dr Nikhil Chaudhary, lead author of the study, says that insights into these modern hunter-gatherer societies can give us a lot of detail about how humans lived in the Stone Age, which is the period in human prehistory that covers 95 % of human technological prehistory. “For most of our evolutionary history, humans have lived as hunter-gatherers,” said Dr Chaudhary. “Therefore, contemporary hunter-gatherer communities such as the Mbendjele BaYaka can offer valuable clues as to whether there are certain childbearing systems to which infants, and their mothers, may be psychologically adapted.”

The Mbendjele BaYaka are a nomadic group who live in the jungles in the North of the Central African Republic and the Republic of Congo. They are a traditional hunter-gatherer society that practices hunting, fishing, foraging, and honey collection for sustenance. While some Mbendjele communities have become settled and integrated with local economies, many remain mobile and continue to inhabit the forest. Those that are still nomadic live in multifamily camps of between 20 to 80 individuals, consisting of a number of huts in which families live.

Evolutionary anthropologists stayed with the Mbendjele BaYaka between March and July 2014, observing children for 12 daylight hours and recording how often they were cared for and by whom. The researchers found that between 10 and 20 different caregivers would be involved in looking after a child and that a mother’s support system would respond to more than half of their baby’s crying episodes. Furthermore, children were almost never left alone and spent long periods of time in physical contact with adults or receiving close care from them. When children cried they were attended to in under 10 seconds in half of cases and in under 25 seconds 90 % of the time.

Older infants and adolescents were also often involved in caregiving, which the report’s authors suggest gives them experience and helps reduce anxiety around parenting. This seems to point to the fact that children may be evolutionarily prepared to expect high levels of attention and physical contact from several different caregivers. However, in Western countries the provision of high-quality child support is limited, with parenting manuals often expecting babies to spend extended periods of time playing alone.

The study also notes that Stone Age societies may have better prioritized giving mothers a rest. In Western societies, the authors write, it is common for childcare to be used only to give parents time to go to work rather than time for themselves. This means that parents have no time to rest or recover, in total contrast to the parenting practices of both modern hunter-gatherers and our Neolithic ancestors. Co-author and child psychologist Dr Annie Swanepoel says that “support for mothers also has numerous benefits for children such as reducing the risk of neglect and abuse and improving maternal wellbeing, which in turn improves maternal care.” And yet, throughout the whole of human history, it seems that parents have never been under such intense pressure and faced such a lack of support as they do in modern times.

Text adapted from an article by William Hunter. The Daily Mail [online] (November 13, 2023)

hunter-gatherer: caçador recol·lector / cazador-recolector
be at odds: estar en desacord / estar en desacuerdo
insight: perspectiva
childbearing system: sistema de criança / sistema de crianza
forage: recol·lectar al bosc / recolectar en el bosque

QUESTIONS

Choose the best answer according to the text. Only ONE answer is correct.

[3 points: 0.375 points for each correct answer. Wrong answers will be penalized by deducting 0.125 points. There is no penalty for unanswered questions.]

2.1 According to a recently published article in the journal Developmental Psychology, the Mbendjele BaYaka’s parenting habits

[0.375 points]

2.2 The behavior of modern hunter-gatherer societies such as the Mbendjele BaYaka

[0.375 points]

2.3 Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text?

[0.375 points]

2.4 Evolutionary anthropologists that stayed with the Mbendjele BaYaka found that

[0.375 points]

2.5 In comparison to the Mbendjele BaYaka childcare practices, parenting in Western countries

[0.375 points]

2.6 In Western societies, childcare

[0.375 points]

2.7 Providing mothers with support

[0.375 points]

2.8 Which of the following statements is FALSE?

[0.375 points]

Choose ONE topic. Your answer should be 125-150 words in length. There is no specific penalty for exceeding 150 words in length. Extra points are not given for exceeding 150 words.

[4 points]

3.1 With fast fashion, consumers are offered constantly changing collections at low prices, and encouraged to frequently buy and discard clothes. Do you follow fast fashion, or do you prefer more durable clothes? Write a for-and-against essay in which you explain the pros and cons of fast fashion.

[4 points]

3.2 You have bought several products online from a well-known website but some of them have not arrived while the ones which have are not in good condition. Write a formal email to customer service complaining about the service and requesting some compensation.

[4 points]

3.3 Write a description of a place you have been to or would like to visit. Explain where the place is, why it is special and what things you can see or do there. Do not forget to give your opinion or a recommendation.

[4 points]