Anglès, PAU 2023 de Catalunya: l’examen de juny (sèrie 5) resolt

HOW GLOBAL CLIMATE TARGETS ARE SET AND WHAT THEY MEAN

How much warming can the world bear? This question was one of the main issues discussed at the past UN climate change summit, known as COP26, in Glasgow, Scotland.

Six years ago, when countries came together in Paris for the COP21 summit, at which the Paris climate accord was shaped, they committed to limit the global average temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius (2C) above pre-industrial levels. However, even though the 2015 agreement set 2C as the minimum, it also suggested that countries should push for a more ambitious goal: 1.5C. But not all countries agreed, with oil and gas producing Saudi Arabia among the countries complaining about the more ambitious targets. Some officials argued that countries should maintain the less ambitious target so that they were not set up for failure.

A preliminary draft of the COP26 agreement reaffirmed the Paris agreement’s goal: limit Earth’s warming to well below 2C and pursue a target of 1.5C. But it did not commit to meeting the 1.5C mark. The difference between the two targets may seem small, but they represent different levels of effort for countries trying to limit their carbon footprints, and very divergent outcomes for the planet. A study released by the UK Met Office, Britain’s national weather service, found that 1 billion people could face heat stress, a potentially fatal combination of heat and humidity, if temperatures rise by 2C.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a UN body responsible for evaluating the scientific research on climate change, has warned that even an increase of 1.5C of global warming would result in significant differences, with increased heat waves and short cold seasons. The IPCC has found that an extreme heat event that would have occurred once per decade without human influence, would happen 4 times a decade with 1.5C of warming, and with 2C of warming there would be 5 extreme heat events.

The IPCC has also noted that the relative sea level will probably continue to rise throughout the 21st century and beyond. If temperatures do not increase more than 1.5C, over the next 2000 years sea levels could rise by as much as 3 meters, but it could be double that if temperatures grow by 2C, and be even worse if ice sheets in Antarctica become destabilized. Although a 2C increase would result in the number of people living in areas affected by extreme heat stress rising from 68 million today to 1 billion, a 4C rise could affect half of Earth’s population.

In their latest report, the IPCC estimated that the world would probably reach the 1.5C mark by 2040. Global temperatures would initially be 1.5C higher by the middle of the century, and then fall as emissions were cut further. This could avoid some of the worst outcomes. If nothing is done, the world might see a rise of 4.4C by the year 2100—with an extreme impact on life on Earth.

Text adapted from an article on The Washington Post (November 10, 2021)

summit: cimera / cumbre
pursue: perseguir
outcome: resultat / resultado

QUESTIONS

Choose the best answer according to the text. Only ONE answer is correct.

[3 points: 0.375 points for each correct answer. Wrong answers will be penalized by deducting 0.125 points. There is no penalty for unanswered questions.]

2.1 At the COP21 summit, countries

[0.375 points]

2.2 The most ambitious target at the Paris climate summit

[0.375 points]

2.3 The 1.5C mark

[0.375 points]

2.4 What prediction has the IPCC made?

[0.375 points]

2.5 Which of the following is TRUE?

[0.375 points]

2.6 The number of people living in areas of extreme heat stress

[0.375 points]

2.7 What are the IPCC estimates for the remainder of the 21st century?

[0.375 points]

2.8 What does the IPCC predict will happen if no climate action is taken now?

[0.375 points]

Choose ONE topic. Your answer should be 125-150 words in length. There is no specific penalty for exceeding 150 words in length. Extra points are not given for exceeding 150 words.

[4 points]

3.1 You and your family went on holiday and rented an apartment through an online booking website. The apartment was not located where it was supposed to be, was in bad condition and did not include all the facilities that were described on the website. Write a complaint email to the Customer Service department of the booking agency and ask for some kind of compensation.

[4 points]

3.2 Environmental fines are often imposed on industries and companies and even polluting vehicle owners but hardly ever on individual citizens who do not recycle or respect the environment. Given the world’s climate situation, should governments start making individual citizens pay environmental fines? For example, should people report to the government on their neighbours who do not recycle, or who still have traditional light bulbs and not LEDs? Would this be good for society? Write a for-and-against essay.

[4 points]

3.3 Hobbies are often overlooked by parents because they want their kids to do well in school. As a result, hobbies are usually not considered to be important. Can some hobbies be turned into a class taught in schools? How do you think parents should act towards kids who care more about their hobbies than getting good grades? Write an opinion essay.

[4 points]